The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a set of symbols representing the sounds of natural languages. This cheat sheet lists IPA symbols along with their names, phonetic descriptions, and Unicode hexadecimal forms.
Sounds are ordered by IPA number and grouped by series. Please see my notes and references for additional information. All data can be found in my GitHub repository, IPA Data.
Consonant IPA Symbols
- IPA101
- voiceless bilabial plosive
-
- p
- lower-case P
-
p
- IPA102
- voiced bilabial plosive
-
- b
- lower-case B
-
b
- IPA103
- voiceless dental or alveolar plosive
-
- t
- lower-case T
-
t
- IPA104
- voiced dental or alveolar plosive
-
- d
- lower-case D
-
d
- IPA105
- voiceless retroflex plosive
-
- ʈ
- right-tail T
-
ʈ
- IPA106
- voiced retroflex plosive
-
- ɖ
- right-tail D
-
ɖ
- IPA107
- voiceless palatal plosive
-
- c
- lower-case C
-
c
- IPA108
- voiced palatal plosive
-
- ɟ
- barred dotless J
-
ɟ
- IPA109
- voiceless velar plosive
-
- k
- lower-case K
-
k
- IPA110
- voiced velar plosive
equivalent to 210 -
- ɡ
- opentail G
-
ɡ
- IPA111
- voiceless uvular plosive
-
- q
- lower-case Q
-
q
- IPA112
- voiced uvular plosive
-
- ɢ
- small capital G
-
ɢ
- IPA113
- glottal plosive
-
- ʔ
- glottal stop
-
ʔ
- IPA114
- voiced bilabial nasal
-
- m
- lower-case M
-
m
- IPA115
- voiced labiodental nasal
-
- ɱ
- left-tail M (at right)
-
ɱ
- IPA116
- voiced dental or alveolar nasal
-
- n
- lower-case N
-
n
- IPA117
- voiced retroflex nasal
-
- ɳ
- right-tail N
-
ɳ
- IPA118
- voiced palatal nasal
-
- ɲ
- left-tail N (at left)
-
ɲ
- IPA119
- voiced velar nasal
-
- ŋ
- eng
-
ŋ
- IPA120
- voiced uvular nasal
-
- ɴ
- small capital N
-
ɴ
- IPA121
- voiced bilabial trill
-
- ʙ
- small capital B
-
ʙ
- IPA122
- voiced dental or alveolar trill
-
- r
- lower-case R
-
r
- IPA123
- voiced uvular trill
-
- ʀ
- small capital R
-
ʀ
- IPA124
- voiced dental or alveolar tap
-
- ɾ
- fish-hook R
-
ɾ
- IPA125
- voiced retroflex flap
-
- ɽ
- right-tail R
-
ɽ
- IPA126
- voiceless bilabial fricative
-
- ɸ
- phi
-
ɸ
- IPA127
- voiced bilabial fricative
-
- β
- beta
-
β
- IPA128
- voiceless labiodental fricative
-
- f
- lower-case F
-
f
- IPA129
- voiced labiodental fricative
-
- v
- lower-case V
-
v
- IPA130
- voiceless dental fricative
-
- θ
- theta
-
θ
- IPA131
- voiced dental fricative
-
- ð
- eth
-
ð
- IPA132
- voiceless alveolar fricative
-
- s
- lower-case S
-
s
- IPA133
- voiced alveolar fricative
-
- z
- lower-case Z
-
z
- IPA134
- voiceless postalveolar fricative
-
- ʃ
- esh
-
ʃ
- IPA135
- voiced postalveolar fricative
-
- ʒ
- ezh or tailed Z
-
ʒ
- IPA136
- voiceless retroflex fricative
-
- ʂ
- right-tail S (at left)
-
ʂ
- IPA137
- voiced retroflex fricative
-
- ʐ
- right-tail Z
-
ʐ
- IPA138
- voiceless palatal fricative
-
- ç
- C cedilla
-
ç
- IPA139
- voiced palatal fricative
-
- ʝ
- curly-tail J
-
ʝ
- IPA140
- voiceless palatal fricative
-
- x
- lower-case X
-
x
- IPA141
- voiced velar fricative
-
- ɣ
- gamma
-
ɣ
- IPA142
- voiceless uvular fricative
-
- χ
- chi
-
χ
- IPA143
- voiced uvular fricative
-
- ʁ
- inverted small capital R
-
ʁ
- IPA144
- voiceless pharyngeal fricative
-
- ħ
- barred H
-
ħ
- IPA145
- voiced pharyngeal fricative or approximant
-
- ʕ
- reversed glottal stop
-
ʕ
- IPA146
- voiceless glottal fricative
-
- h
- lower-case H
-
h
- IPA147
- voiced glottal fricative
-
- ɦ
- hooktop G
-
ɦ
- IPA148
- voiceless dental or alveolar lateral fricative
-
- ɬ
- belted L
-
ɬ
- IPA149
- voiced dental or alveolar lateral fricative
-
- ɮ
- L-ezh ligature
-
ɮ
- IPA150
- voiced labiodental approximant
-
- ʋ
- cursive V
-
ʋ
- IPA151
- voiced dental or alveolar approximant
-
- ɹ
- turned R
-
ɹ
- IPA152
- voiced retroflex approximant
-
- ɻ
- turned R, right tail
-
ɻ
- IPA153
- voiced palatal approximant
-
- j
- lower-case J
-
j
- IPA154
- voiced velar approximant
-
- ɰ
- turned M, right leg
-
ɰ
- IPA155
- voiced dental or alveolar lateral approximant
-
- l
- lower-case L
-
l
- IPA156
- voiced retroflex lateral approximant
-
- ɭ
- right-tail L
-
ɭ
- IPA157
- voiced palatal lateral approximant
-
- ʎ
- turned Y
-
ʎ
- IPA158
- voiced velar lateral approximant
-
- ʟ
- small capital L
-
ʟ
- IPA159
- voiceless bilabial implosive
withdrawn (1993) -
- ƥ
- hooktop P
-
ƥ
- IPA160
- voiced bilabial implosive
-
- ɓ
- hooktop B
-
ɓ
- IPA161
- voiceless dental or alveolar implosive
withdrawn (1993) -
- ƭ
- hooktop T
-
ƭ
- IPA162
- voiced dental or alveolar implosive
-
- ɗ
- hooktop D
-
ɗ
- IPA163
- voiceless palatal implosive
withdrawn (1993) -
- ƈ
- hooktop C
-
ƈ
- IPA164
- voiced palatal implosive
-
- ʄ
- hooktop barred dotless J
-
ʄ
- IPA165
- voiceless velar implosive
withdrawn (1993) -
- ƙ
- hooktop K
-
ƙ
- IPA166
- voiced velar implosive
-
- ɠ
- hooktop G
-
ɠ
- IPA167
- voiceless uvular implosive
withdrawn (1993) -
- ʠ
- hooktop Q
-
ʠ
- IPA168
- voiced uvular implosive
-
- ʛ
- hooktop small capital G
-
ʛ
- IPA169
- voiceless labial-velar fricative
-
- ʍ
- turned W
-
ʍ
- IPA170
- voiced labial-velar approximant
-
- w
- lower-case W
-
w
- IPA171
- voiced labial-palatal approximant
-
- ɥ
- turned H
-
ɥ
- IPA172
- voiceless epiglottal fricative
-
- ʜ
- small capital H
-
ʜ
- IPA173
- epiglottal plosive
-
- ʡ
- barred glottal stop
-
ʡ
- IPA174
- voiced epiglottal fricative or approximant
-
- ʢ
- barred reversed glottal stop
-
ʢ
- IPA175
- voiceless simultaneous postalveolar and velar fricative
-
- ɧ
- hooktop heng
-
ɧ
- IPA176
- bilabial click
-
- ʘ
- bull’s eye
-
ʘ
- IPA177
- dental click
-
- ǀ
- pipe
-
ǀ
- IPA178
- (post)alveolar click
-
- ǃ
- exclamation point
-
ǃ
- IPA179
- palatoalveolar click
-
- ǂ
- double-barred pipe
-
ǂ
- IPA180
- alveolar lateral click
-
- ǁ
- double pipe
-
ǁ
- IPA181
- voiced alveolar lateral flap
-
- ɺ
- turned long-leg R
-
ɺ
- IPA182
- voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
-
- ɕ
- curly-tail C
-
ɕ
- IPA183
- voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
-
- ʑ
- curly-tail Z
-
ʑ
- IPA184
- voiced labiodental flap
adopted (2005) -
- ⱱ
- right-hook V
-
ⱱ
Extra IPA Symbols
- IPA201
- dental click
superseded by 177 (1989) -
- ʇ
- turned T
-
ʇ
- IPA202
- postalveolar click
superseded by 178 (1989) -
- ʗ
- stretched C
-
ʗ
- IPA203
- alveolar lateral click
superseded by 180 (1989) -
- ʖ
- inverted glottal stop
-
ʖ
- IPA204
-
withdrawn (1989) -
- ʆ
- curly-tail esh
-
ʆ
- IPA205
-
withdrawn (1989) -
- ʓ
- curly-tail ezh
-
ʓ
- IPA206
-
withdrawn (1989) -
- ɼ
- long-leg R
-
ɼ
- IPA207
-
withdrawn (1989) -
- ˢ
- superscript S
-
ˢ
- IPA208
- palatalized voiceless dental or alveolar plosive
withdrawn (1989) -
- ƫ
- left-hook T
-
ƫ
- IPA209
- velarized voiced dental or alveolar lateral approximant
-
- ɫ
- L with tilde
-
ɫ
- IPA210
- voiced velar plosive
equivalent to 110 -
- g
- looptail G
-
g
- IPA211
- voiceless dental or alveolar affricate
superseded by 103+132 -
- ʦ
- T-S ligature
-
ʦ
- IPA212
- voiced alveolar affricate
superseded by 104+133 -
- ʣ
- D-Z ligature
-
ʣ
- IPA213
- voiceless postalveolar affricate
superseded by 103+134 -
- ʧ
- T-esh ligature
-
ʧ
- IPA214
- voiced postalveolar affricate
superseded by 104+135 -
- ʤ
- D-ezh ligature
-
ʤ
- IPA215
- voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
superseded by 103+182 -
- ʨ
- T-curly-tail-C ligature
-
ʨ
- IPA216
- voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
superseded by 104+183 -
- ʥ
- D-curly-tail-Z ligature
-
ʥ
- IPA217
- voiceless dental fricative release
-
- ᶿ
- superscript theta
-
ᶿ
- IPA218
- mid central release
-
- ᵊ
- superscript schwa
-
ᵊ
- IPA219
- voiced retroflex imposive
not explicitly IPA approved -
- ᶑ
- hooktop right-tail-D
-
ᶑ
- IPA220
- voiceless alveolo-palatal stop
not explicitly IPA approved -
- ȶ
- curly-tail T
-
ȶ
- IPA221
- voiced alveolo-palatal stop
not explicitly IPA approved -
- ȡ
- curly-tail D
-
ȡ
- IPA222
- voiced alveolo-palatal nasal
not explicitly IPA approved -
- ȵ
- curly-tail N (at right)
-
ȵ
- IPA290
-
withdrawn (1976) -
- ƻ
- barred two
-
ƻ
- IPA291
-
withdrawn (1979) -
- ʞ
- turned K
-
ʞ
- IPA292
- voiceless velar fricative release
-
- ˣ
- superscript X
-
ˣ
- IPA293
- syllabic nasal
withdrawn (1976) -
- ƞ
- N, right leg
-
ƞ
- IPA294
- voiceless dental or alveolar lateral affricate
not IPA usage -
- ƛ
- barred lambda
-
ƛ
- IPA295
- voiceless dental or alveolar lateral fricative
not IPA usage -
- λ
- lambda
-
λ
- IPA296
- voiced postalveolar
not IPA usage -
- ž
- Z wedge
-
ž
- IPA297
- voiceless postalveolar fricative
not IPA usage -
- š
- S wedge
-
š
- IPA298
- voiced postalveolar affricate
not IPA usage -
- ǰ
- J wedge
-
ǰ
- IPA299
- voiceless postalveolar affricate
not IPA usage -
- č
- C wedge
-
č
Vowel IPA Symbols
- IPA301
- close front unrounded vowel
-
- i
- lower-case I
-
i
- IPA302
- close-mid front unrounded vowel
-
- e
- lower-case E
-
e
- IPA303
- open-mid front unrounded vowel
-
- ɛ
- epsilon
-
ɛ
- IPA304
- open front unrounded vowel
-
- a
- lower-case A
-
a
- IPA305
- open back unrounded vowel
-
- ɑ
- script A
-
ɑ
- IPA306
- open-mid back rounded vowel
-
- ɔ
- open O
-
ɔ
- IPA307
- close-mid back rounded vowel
-
- o
- lower-case O
-
o
- IPA308
- close back rounded vowel
-
- u
- lower-case U
-
u
- IPA309
- close front rounded vowel
-
- y
- lower-case Y
-
y
- IPA310
- close-mid front rounded vowel
-
- ø
- slashed O
-
ø
- IPA311
- open-mid front rounded vowel
-
- œ
- lower-case O-E ligature
-
œ
- IPA312
- open front rounded vowel
-
- ɶ
- small capital O-E ligature
-
ɶ
- IPA313
- open back rounded vowel
-
- ɒ
- turned script A
-
ɒ
- IPA314
- open-mid back unrounded vowel
-
- ʌ
- turned V
-
ʌ
- IPA315
- close-mid back unrounded vowel
-
- ɤ
- ram’s horns
-
ɤ
- IPA316
- close back unrounded vowel
-
- ɯ
- turned M
-
ɯ
- IPA317
- close central unrounded vowel
-
- ɨ
- barred I
-
ɨ
- IPA318
- close central rounded vowel
-
- ʉ
- barred U
-
ʉ
- IPA319
- near-close near-front unrounded vowel
-
- ɪ
- small capital I
-
ɪ
- IPA320
- near-close near-front rounded vowel
-
- ʏ
- small capital Y
-
ʏ
- IPA321
- near-close near-back rounded vowel
-
- ʊ
- upsilon
-
ʊ
- IPA322
- mid central vowel
-
- ə
- schwa
-
ə
- IPA323
- close-mid central rounded vowel
-
- ɵ
- barred O
-
ɵ
- IPA324
- near-open central vowel
-
- ɐ
- turned A
-
ɐ
- IPA325
- near-open front unrounded vowel
-
- æ
- ash or lower-case A-E ligature
-
æ
- IPA326
- open-mid central unrounded vowel
-
- ɜ
- reversed epsilon
-
ɜ
- IPA327
- R-coloured mid central vowel
equivalent to 322+419 -
- ɚ
- right-hook schwa
-
ɚ
- IPA394
- vowel
not IPA usage -
- ı
- undotted I
-
ı
- IPA395
- open-mid central rounded vowel
-
- ɞ
- closed reversed epsilon
-
ɞ
- IPA396
- open-mid central rounded vowel
superseded by 395 (1996) -
- ʚ
- closed epsilon
-
ʚ
- IPA397
- close-mid central unrounded vowel
-
- ɘ
- reversed E
-
ɘ
- IPA398
- near-close near-back rounded vowel
superseded by 321 (1989) -
- ɷ
- closed omega
-
ɷ
- IPA399
- near-close near-front unrounded vowel
superseded by 319 (1989) -
- ɩ
- iota
-
ɩ
Diacritic IPA Symbols
- IPA401
- ejective
-
- ʼ
- apostrophe
-
ʼ
- IPA402
- voiceless
-
- ◌̥
- under-ring
-
̥
- ◌̊
- over-ring
-
̊
- IPA403
- voiced
-
- ◌̬
- subscript wedge
-
̬
- IPA404
- aspirated
-
- ʰ
- superscript H
-
ʰ
- IPA405
- breathy voiced
-
- ◌̤
- subscript umlaut
-
̤
- IPA406
- creaky voiced
-
- ◌̰
- subscript tilde
-
̰
- IPA407
- linguolabial
-
- ◌̼
- subscript seagull
-
̼
- IPA408
- dental
-
- ◌̪
- subscript bridge
-
̪
- IPA409
- apical
-
- ◌̺
- inverted subscript bridge
-
̺
- IPA410
- laminal
-
- ◌̻
- subscript square
-
̻
- IPA411
- more rounded
-
- ◌̹
- subscript right half-ring
-
̹
- IPA412
- less rounded
-
- ◌̜
- subscript left half-ring
-
̜
- IPA413
- advanced
-
- ◌̟
- subscript plus
-
̟
- IPA414
- retracted
-
- ◌̠
- under-bar
-
̠
- IPA415
- centralized
-
- ◌̈
- umlaut
-
̈
- IPA416
- mid-centralized
-
- ◌̽
- over-cross
-
̽
- IPA417
- advanced tongue root
-
- ◌̘
- advancing sign
-
̘
- IPA418
- retracted tongue root
-
- ◌̙
- retracting sign
-
̙
- IPA419
- rhoticity
-
- ˞
- right hook
-
˞
- IPA420
- labialized
-
- ʷ
- superscript W
-
ʷ
- IPA421
- palatalized
-
- ʲ
- superscript J
-
ʲ
- IPA422
- velarized
-
- ˠ
- superscript gamma
-
ˠ
- IPA423
- pharyngealized
-
- ˤ
- superscript reversed glottal stop
-
ˤ
- IPA424
- nasalized
-
- ◌̃
- superscript tilde
-
̃
- IPA425
- nasal release
-
- ⁿ
- superscript N
-
ⁿ
- IPA426
- lateral release
-
- ˡ
- superscript L
-
ˡ
- IPA427
- no audible release
-
- ◌̚
- corner
-
̚
- IPA428
- velarized or pharyngealized
-
- ◌̴
- superimposed tilde
-
̴
- IPA429
- raised
-
- ◌̝
- raising sign
-
̝
- ◌˔
- raising sign
-
˔
- IPA430
- lowered
-
- ◌̞
- lowering sign
-
̞
- ◌˕
- lowering sign
-
˕
- IPA431
- syllabic
-
- ◌̩
- syllabicity mark
-
̩
- IPA432
- non-syllabic
-
- ◌̯
- subscript arch
-
̯
- IPA433
- affricate or double
-
- ◌͡◌
- top tie bar
-
͡
- IPA489
- rhoticity
superseded by 419 (1989) -
- ◌̢
- subscript right hook
-
̢
- IPA490
- release or burst
not IPA usage -
- ˹
- open corner
-
˹
- IPA491
- pause (comma)
not IPA usage -
- ,
- comma
-
,
- IPA492
- weak aspiration
withdrawn (1979) -
- ʻ
- reversed apostrophe
-
ʻ
- IPA493
- palatalization or centralization
withdrawn (1979) -
- ◌̇
- over-dot
-
̇
- IPA494
- retracted variety (backed)
use 414 or 418 (1989) -
- ˗
- minus sign
-
˗
- IPA495
- advanced variety (fronted)
use 413 or 417 (1989) -
- ˖
- plus sign
-
˖
- IPA496
- high-front rounding or palatalized
not IPA usage -
- ʸ
- superscript Y
-
ʸ
- IPA497
- closer variety or fricative
use 429 (1989) -
- ◌̣
- under-dot
-
̣
- IPA498
- palatalized
superseded by 421 (1989) -
- ◌̡
- subscript left hook
-
̡
- IPA499
- labialized
superseded by 420 (1989) -
- ◌̫
- subscript W
-
̫
Suprasegmental IPA Symbols
- IPA501
- primary stress
-
- ˈ
- vertical stroke (superior)
-
ˈ
- IPA502
- secondary stress
-
- ˌ
- vertical stroke (inferior)
-
ˌ
- IPA503
- long
-
- ː
- length mark
-
ː
- IPA504
- half-long
-
- ˑ
- half-length mark
-
ˑ
- IPA505
- extra-short
-
- ◌̆
- breve
-
̆
- IPA506
- syllable break
-
- .
- period
-
.
- IPA507
- minor (foot) group
-
- |
- vertical line (thick)
-
|
- IPA508
- major (intonation) group
-
- ‖
- double vertical line (thick)
-
‖
- IPA509
- linking (absence of a break)
-
- ‿
- bottom tie bar
-
‿
- IPA510
- global rise
-
- ↗︎
- upward diagonal arrow
-
↗
- IPA511
- global fall
-
- ↘︎
- downward diagonal arrow
-
↘
- IPA512
- extra high level
-
- ◌̋
- double acute accent (over)
-
̋
- IPA513
- high level
-
- ◌́
- acute accent (over)
-
́
- IPA514
- mid level
-
- ◌̄
- macron
-
̄
- IPA515
- low level
-
- ◌̀
- grave accent (over)
-
̀
- IPA516
- extra low level
-
- ◌̏
- double grave accent (over)
-
̏
- IPA517
- downstep
-
- ↓
- down arrow
-
↓
- IPA518
- upstep
-
- ↑
- up arrow
-
↑
- IPA519
- extra high level
-
- ˥
- extra-high tone letter
-
˥
- IPA520
- high level
-
- ˦
- high tone letter
-
˦
- IPA521
- mid level
-
- ˧
- mid tone letter
-
˧
- IPA522
- low level
-
- ˨
- low tone letter
-
˨
- IPA523
- extra low level
-
- ˩
- extra-low tone letter
-
˩
- IPA524
- rising contour
-
- ◌̌
- wedge or háček
-
̌
- IPA525
- falling contour
-
- ◌̂
- circumflex
-
̂
- IPA526
- high rising contour
-
- ◌᷄
- macron plus acute accent
-
᷄
- IPA527
- low rising contour
-
- ◌᷅
- grave plus acute accent
-
᷅
- IPA528
- rising-falling contour
-
- ◌᷈
- grave plus acute plus grave accent
-
᷈
- IPA529
- rising contour
-
- ˩˥
- rising tone letter
-
˩˥
- IPA530
- falling contour
-
- ˥˩
- falling tone letter
-
˥˩
- IPA531
- high rising contour
-
- ˦˥
- high-rising tone letter
-
˦˥
- IPA532
- low rising contour
-
- ˩˨
- low-rising tone letter
-
˩˨
- IPA533
- rising-falling contour
-
- ˧˦˧
- rising-falling tone letter
-
˧˦˧
- IPA595
- long falling tone or advanced or palatal
not IPA usage -
- ◌̑
- superscript arch
-
̑
- IPA596
- falling-rising tone
usage redefined (1989) see 524 -
- ˇ
- wedge or háček
-
ˇ
- IPA597
- rising-falling tone
usage redefined (1989) see 525 -
- ˆ
- circumflex
-
ˆ
- IPA598
- low falling tone
superseded (1989) -
- ◌̖
- subscript grave accent
-
̖
- ◌ˎ
- subscript grave accent
-
ˎ
- IPA599
- low rising tone
superseded (1989) -
- ◌̗
- subscript acute accent
-
̗
- ◌ˏ
- subscript acute accent
-
ˏ
Extensions to the IPA (ExtIPA)
- IPA601
- bidental percussive
-
- ʭ
- double bridge
-
ʭ
- IPA602
- velopharyngeal fricative
-
- ʩ
- F-eng ligature
-
ʩ
- IPA603
- lateralized [s]
-
- ʪ
- L-S ligature
-
ʪ
- IPA604
- lateralized [z]
-
- ʫ
- L-Z ligature
-
ʫ
- IPA611
- unidentified segment(s)
-
- ❍
- balloon
-
❍
- IPA612
- placeholder symbol
-
- *
- asterisk
-
*
- IPA621
- voice
equivalent to 722 -
- V
- upper-case V
-
V
- IPA622
- falsetto
equivalent to 706 -
- F
- upper-case F
-
F
- IPA623
- whisper
equivalent to 723 -
- W
- upper-case W
-
W
- IPA624
- creak
equivalent to 703 -
- C
- upper-case C
-
C
- IPA625
- larynx
equivalent to 712 -
- L
- upper-case L
-
L
- IPA626
- jaw
equivalent to 710 -
- J
- upper-case J
-
J
- IPA627
- oesophageal speech
-
- Œ
- upper-case O-E ligature
-
Œ
- IPA628
- protruded-tongue voice
-
- Θ
- upper-case Greek theta
-
Θ
- IPA631
- short pause
use 506 -
- (.)
- bracketed single period
-
(.)
- IPA632
- medium-length pause
use 506 -
- (..)
- bracketed double period
-
(..)
- IPA633
- long pause
use 506 -
- (…)
- bracketed triple period
-
(...)
- IPA634
- loud speech
-
- 𝆑
- forte
-
𝆑
- IPA635
- louder speech
-
- 𝆑𝆑
- fortissimo
-
𝆑𝆑
- IPA636
- quiet speech
-
- 𝆏
- piano
-
𝆏
- IPA637
- quieter speech
-
- 𝆏𝆏
- pianissimo
-
𝆏𝆏
- IPA638
- fast speech
-
- 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑜
- allegro
-
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑜
- IPA639
- slow speech
-
- 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜
- lento
-
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜
- IPA640
- slight degree
-
- 1
- numeral one
-
1
- IPA641
- moderate degree
-
- 2
- numeral two
-
2
- IPA642
- extreme degree
-
- 3
- numeral three
-
3
- IPA651
- dentolabial
-
- ◌͆
- superscript bridge
-
͆
- IPA652
- labial spreading
-
- ◌͍
- subscript double arrow
-
͍
- IPA653
- bidental articulation
-
- ◌̪͆
- superscript+subscript bridge
-
̪͆
- IPA654
- denasal
-
- ◌͊
- superscript slashed tilde
-
͊
- IPA655
- nasal escape
-
- ◌͋
- superscript dotted tilde
-
͋
- IPA656
- velopharyngeal friction
-
- ◌͌
- superscript double tilde
-
͌
- IPA657
- stronger articulation
-
- ◌͈
- subscript double syllabicity mark
-
͈
- IPA658
- weaker articulation
-
- ◌͉
- subscript corner
-
͉
- IPA659
- reiterated articulation
-
- \
- backslash
-
\
- IPA660
- whistled articulation
-
- ◌͎
- subscript upward arrow-head
-
͎
- IPA661
- ingressive air flow
-
- ↓
- down full arrow
-
↓
- IPA662
- egressive air flow
-
- ↑
- up full arrow
-
↑
- IPA663
- pre-voicing
use 403 -
- ˬ◌
- left-sited subscript wedge
-
ˬ
- IPA664
- post-voicing
equivalent to 403 -
- ˬ
- right-sited subscript wedge
-
ˬ
- IPA665
- partial voicing
-
- ₍◌̬₎
- bracketed subscript wedge
-
₍̬₎
- IPA666
- initial partial voicing
-
- ₍◌̬
- left-bracketed subscript wedge
-
₍̬
- IPA667
- final partial voicing
-
- ◌̬₎
- right-bracketed subscript wedge
-
̬₎
- IPA668
- partial devoicing
-
- ₍◌̥₎
- bracketed under-ring
-
₍̥₎
- IPA669
- initial partial devoicing
-
- ₍◌̥
- left-bracketed under-ring
-
₍̥
- IPA670
- final partial devoicing
-
- ◌̥₎
- right-bracketed under-ring
-
̥₎
- IPA671
- pre-aspiration
use 404 -
- ʰ◌
- left-sited superscript H
-
ʰ
- IPA672
- ventricular
-
- !!
- right-sited double exclamation point
-
!!
- IPA673
- labiodentalized
-
- ᶹ
- superscript cursive V
-
ᶹ
- IPA674
- slurred articulation
-
- ◌͢
- subscript right arrow
-
͢
- IPA675
- alveolarized
-
- ◌͇
- subscript equals sign
-
͇
- IPA676
- uvularized
-
- ʶ
- superscript inverted small capital R
-
ʶ
- IPA677
- faucalized
-
- ꟸ
- superscript double-barred H
-
ꟸ
- IPA678
- labialized: open-rounded
-
- ꟹ
- superscript O-E ligature
-
ꟹ
- IPA679
- harsh
-
- !
- right-sited exclamation point
-
!
- IPA680
- unaspirated
-
- ˭
- superscript equals sign
-
˭
- IPA681
- laterally offset to the right
-
- ˱
- subscript left pointer
-
˱
- IPA682
- laterally offset to the left
-
- ˲
- subscript right pointer
-
˲
- IPA683
- creaky
equivalent to 406 -
- ˷
- right-sited subscript tilde
-
˷
Transcription Delimitation Characters
- IPA901
- begin phonetic transcription
-
- [
- left square bracket
-
[
- IPA902
- end phonetic transcription
-
- ]
- right square bracket
-
]
- IPA903
- begin phonemic transcription or end phonemic transcription
-
- /
- slash
-
/
- IPA906
- indistinguishable utterance (begin)
-
- (
- left parenthesis
-
(
- IPA907
- indistinguishable utterance (end)
-
- )
- right parenthesis
-
)
- IPA908
- sound obscured (begin)
-
- ((
- left double parenthesis
-
((
- IPA909
- sound obscured (end)
-
- ))
- right double parenthesis
-
))
- IPA910
- begin prosodic notation
-
- {
- left brace
-
{
- IPA911
- end prosodic notation
-
- }
- right brace
-
}
Notes
Changes to the data are noted in my IPA Data repository’s changelog. I used the dotted circle (◌) in the representation of IPA symbols with composing characters (e.g., IPA402) and to denote the position of modified sounds (e.g., IPA665). In these cases, Unicode hexadecimal forms exclude the dotted circle (◌). This cheat sheet performs best with Google Noto Fonts installed, and I attempt to load uninstalled fonts with Web Font Loader. If neither condition is met, IPA symbols will fail to display and you might see ‘tofu’ (e.g., □).
My thanks to Dr. John Esling, Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the University of Victoria, for discussions regarding phonetics and the IPA.
What we learned
Thanks to this cheat sheet, we can now:
- reference IPA symbols by IPA number
- find the Unicode hexadecimal form of IPA symbols
Thank you for reading, and have fun coding.
References
- International Phonetic Association. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Steffanick, A. (2017). IPA Data.